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Quizlet by 1800 All Physicians Were Highly Trained in the Art of Curing Infectious Diseases

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Branch of medicine

Dentistry
GI at Guantanamo visits the dentist.JPG

A dentist treats a patient with the help of a dental assistant.
Occupation
Names
  • Dentist
  • Dental Surgeon
  • Physician

[1] [nb one]

Occupation type

 Profession

Activity sectors

 Health care, Beefcake, Physiology, Pathology, Medicine, Pharmacology, Surgery
Clarification
Competencies
  • Sub-Millimeter Surgical Dexterity
  • Knowledge of man wellness, affliction, pathology, and anatomy
  • Communication/Interpersonal Skills
  • Analytical Skills
  • Disquisitional Thinking
  • Empathy/Professionalism

Education required

 Dental Degree

Fields of
employment
  • Individual practices
  • Main care clinics
  • Hospitals

Related jobs
  • Physician
  • dental assistant
  • dental technician
  • dental hygienist
  • various dental specialists
ICD-9-CM 23-24
MeSH D003813

[edit on Wikidata]

Dentistry, too known as dental medicine and oral medicine, is a branch of medicine that consists of the written report, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity (the mouth), normally in the dentition (evolution and arrangement of teeth) as well equally the oral mucosa, and of adjacent and related structures and tissues, particularly in associated maxillofacial (jaw and facial) surface area.[two] The field of dentistry or dental medicine includes teeth too as other aspects of the craniofacial complex including the temporomandibular joint and other supporting, muscular, lymphatic, nervous, vascular, and anatomical structures. The practitioner is called a dentist.

Dentistry is often also understood to subsume the now largely defunct medical specialty of stomatology (the study of the mouth and its disorders and diseases) for which reason the two terms are used interchangeably in certain regions. For instance, in Australia, stomatology is considered to exist a specialty of dentistry. All the same, some specialties such every bit oral and maxillofacial surgery (facial reconstruction) may require both medical and dental degrees to achieve. Dentistry and some branches of medicine in European history were considered to have stemmed from the trade of barber surgeons.[three] Withal, both fields have evolved since with a heavier accent in life sciences, evidence-based inquiry and evidence-based practice.

Dental treatments are carried out by a dental team, which oftentimes consists of a dentist and dental auxiliaries (dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, as well as dental therapists). Most dentists either work in individual practices (main care), dental hospitals or (secondary intendance) institutions (prisons, armed forces bases, etc.).

The history of dentistry is virtually as ancient equally the history of humanity and culture with the earliest bear witness dating from 7000 BC to 5500 BC.[4] Skeletal remains from Mehgarh (now in Pakistan) dated to that time show evidence of teeth having been drilled with flintstone tools to remove decay, a method found to exist "surprisingly effective".[4] Dentistry is thought to have been the first specialization in medicine which have gone on to develop its own accredited degree with its own specialisations.[five] The modernistic move of testify-based dentistry calls for the apply of high-quality scientific enquiry and evidence to guide controlling such equally in manual molar conservation, use of fluoride water handling and fluoride toothpaste, dealing with oral diseases such as tooth disuse and periodontitis, every bit well as systematic diseases such as osteoporosis, diabetes, celiac illness, cancer, HIV/AIDS which could also affect the oral cavity.

Other practices relevant to show-based dentistry include radiology of the mouth to inspect teeth deformity or oral malaises, haematology (study of blood) to avoid bleeding complications during dental surgery, cardiology (due to various severe complications arising from dental surgery with patients with heart illness), etc.

Terminology [edit]

The term dentistry comes from dentist, which comes from French dentiste, which comes from the French and Latin words for tooth.[vi] The term for the associated scientific written report of teeth is odontology (from Ancient Greek: ὀδούς, romanized: odoús , lit.'molar') – the written report of the structure, development, and abnormalities of the teeth.

Dental handling [edit]

Dentistry commonly encompasses practices related to the oral crenel.[7] According to the World Health Organization, oral diseases are major public wellness issues due to their high incidence and prevalence across the globe, with the disadvantaged affected more than than other socio-economic groups.[8]

The majority of dental treatments are carried out to prevent or treat the two most common oral diseases which are dental caries (tooth disuse) and periodontal illness (gum disease or pyorrhea). Common treatments involve the restoration of teeth, extraction or surgical removal of teeth, scaling and root planing, endodontic root canal treatment, and cosmetic dentistry[nine]

All dentists in the United States undergo at to the lowest degree 3 years of undergraduate studies, but most all consummate a bachelor'southward degree. This schooling is followed by 4 years of dental school to authorize every bit a "Doctor of Dental Surgery" (DDS) or "Doctor of Dental Medicine" (DMD). Specialization in dentistry is available in the fields of Anesthesiology, Dental Public Health, Endodontics, Oral Radiology, Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine, Orofacial Hurting, Pathology, Orthodontics, Pediatric Dentistry, Periodontics, and Prosthodontics.[ten]

By nature of their general grooming they tin acquit out the majority of dental treatments such as restorative (fillings, crowns, bridges), prosthetic (dentures), endodontic (root canal) therapy, periodontal (gum) therapy, and extraction of teeth, too as performing examinations, radiographs (x-rays), and diagnosis. Dentists can also prescribe medications such as antibiotics, sedatives, and whatever other drugs used in patient management. Depending on their licensing boards, full general dentists may exist required to complete additional training to perform sedation, dental implants, etc.

Irreversible enamel defects acquired by an untreated celiac disease. They may be the only clue to its diagnosis, even in absence of gastrointestinal symptoms, but are often confused with fluorosis, tetracycline discoloration, acid reflux or other causes.[11] [12] [13] The National Institutes of Health include a dental exam in the diagnostic protocol of celiac disease.[11]

Dentists likewise encourage prevention of oral diseases through proper hygiene and regular, twice or more yearly, checkups for professional person cleaning and evaluation. Oral infections and inflammations may affect overall health and conditions in the oral crenel may be indicative of systemic diseases, such equally osteoporosis, diabetes, celiac affliction or cancer.[7] [11] [14] [xv] Many studies have also shown that gum disease is associated with an increased adventure of diabetes, heart disease, and preterm birth. The concept that oral health can affect systemic health and disease is referred to as "oral-systemic health".

Education and licensing [edit]

A sagittal cross-section of a molar tooth; 1: crown, 2: root, 3: enamel, iv: dentin and dentin tubules, five: pulp sleeping accommodation, 6: blood vessels and nerve, 7: periodontal ligament, 8: apex and periapical region, ix: alveolar bone

John One thousand. Harris started the globe's start dental school in Bainbridge, Ohio, and helped to constitute dentistry as a wellness profession. It opened on 21 Feb 1828, and today is a dental museum.[16] The kickoff dental college, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, opened in Baltimore, Maryland, US in 1840. The second in the United States was the Ohio College of Dental Surgery, established in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1845.[17] The Philadelphia College of Dental Surgery followed in 1852.[18] In 1907, Temple University accepted a bid to incorporate the schoolhouse.

Studies show that dentists that graduated from different countries,[19] or even from dissimilar dental schools in one country,[20] may make different clinical decisions for the same clinical status. For example, dentists that graduated from Israeli dental schools may recommend the removal of asymptomatic impacted third molar (wisdom teeth) more often than dentists that graduated from Latin American or Eastern European dental schools.[21]

In the United Kingdom, the first dental schools, the London Schoolhouse of Dental Surgery and the Metropolitan School of Dental Scientific discipline, both in London, opened in 1859.[22] The 1878 British Dentists Act of 1878 and the 1879 Dentists Annals limited the title of "dentist" and "dental surgeon" to qualified and registered practitioners.[23] [24] However, others could legally describe themselves as "dental experts" or "dental consultants".[25] The do of dentistry in the United Kingdom became fully regulated with the 1921 Dentists Deed, which required the registration of anyone practising dentistry.[26] The British Dental Association, formed in 1880 with Sir John Tomes every bit president, played a major function in prosecuting dentists practising illegally.[23] Dentists in the United Kingdom are now regulated by the General Dental Council.

In Korea, Taiwan, Nippon, Finland, Sweden, Brazil, Chile, the United States, and Canada, a dentist is a healthcare professional person qualified to practise dentistry later graduating with a degree of either Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) or Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD). This is equivalent to the Bachelor of Dental Surgery/Baccalaureus Dentalis Chirurgiae (BDS, BDent, BChD, BDSc) that is awarded in the Britain and British Commonwealth countries. In about western countries, to get a qualified dentist one must usually complete at least four years of postgraduate study;[27] within the European Union the education has to be at to the lowest degree five years. Dentists usually complete betwixt 5 and eight years of post-secondary education earlier practising. Though not mandatory, many dentists choose to consummate an internship or residency focusing on specific aspects of dental care subsequently they take received their dental caste.

Specialties [edit]

Some dentists undertake further training after their initial degree in order to specialize. Exactly which subjects are recognized by dental registration bodies varies co-ordinate to location. Examples include:

  • Cosmetic dentistry- Focuses on improving the advent of the mouth, teeth and grin.
  • Anesthesiology[28] – The specialty of dentistry that deals with the advanced use of general anesthesia, sedation and pain direction to facilitate dental procedures.
  • Dental public health – The study of epidemiology and social health policies relevant to oral wellness.
  • Endodontics (also chosen endodontology) – Root culvert therapy and study of diseases of the dental lurid and periapical tissues.
  • Forensic odontology – The gathering and use of dental prove in law. This may be performed past whatsoever dentist with experience or training in this field. The part of the forensic dentist is primarily documentation and verification of identity.
  • Geriatric dentistry or geriodontics – The delivery of dental care to older adults involving the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of problems associated with normal aging and age-related diseases equally part of an interdisciplinary team with other health intendance professionals.
  • Oral and maxillofacial pathology – The study, diagnosis, and sometimes the treatment of oral and maxillofacial related diseases.
  • Oral and maxillofacial radiology – The study and radiologic interpretation of oral and maxillofacial diseases.
  • Oral and maxillofacial surgery (also called oral surgery) – Extractions, implants, and surgery of the jaws, mouth and face.[nb ii]
  • Oral biological science – Enquiry in dental and craniofacial biology
  • Oral Implantology – The fine art and science of replacing extracted teeth with dental implants.
  • Oral medicine – The clinical evaluation and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases
  • Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics – The straightening of teeth and modification of midface and mandibular growth.
  • Pediatric dentistry (besides called pedodontics) – Dentistry for children
  • Periodontology (also chosen periodontics) – The study and handling of diseases of the periodontium (not-surgical and surgical) as well as placement and maintenance of dental implants
  • Prosthodontics (also chosen prosthetic dentistry) – Dentures, bridges and the restoration of implants.
    • Some prosthodontists super-specialize in maxillofacial prosthetics, which is the discipline originally concerned with the rehabilitation of patients with congenital facial and oral defects such as cleft lip and palate or patients born with an underdeveloped ear (microtia). Today, most maxillofacial prosthodontists return function and esthetics to patients with caused defects secondary to surgical removal of head and cervix tumors, or secondary to trauma from war or motor vehicle accidents.
  • Special needs dentistry (also called special care dentistry) – Dentistry for those with developmental and acquired disabilities.
  • Sports dentistry – the co-operative of sports medicine dealing with prevention and treatment of dental injuries and oral diseases associated with sports and exercise.[29] The sports dentist works as an individual consultant or as a fellow member of the Sports Medicine Team.
  • Veterinary dentistry – The field of dentistry applied to the intendance of animals. It is a specialty of veterinary medicine.[30] [31]

History [edit]

"A wealthy patient falling over considering of having a tooth extracted with such vigour by a stylish dentist", c. 1790. History of Dentistry.

Molar decay was depression in pre-agronomical societies, but the appearance of farming society virtually 10,000 years ago correlated with an increase in tooth decay (cavities).[32] An infected molar from Italy partially cleaned with flint tools, betwixt 13,820 and xiv,160 years onetime, represents the oldest known dentistry,[33] although a 2017 report suggests that 130,000 years ago the Neanderthals already used rudimentary dentistry tools.[34] The Indus valley has yielded evidence of dentistry being practised as far back as 7000 BC, during the Rock Age.[35] The Neolithic site of Mehrgarh (at present in Pakistan's due south western province of Balochistan) indicates that this form of dentistry involved curing tooth related disorders with bow drills operated, mayhap, by skilled bead-crafters.[4] The reconstruction of this ancient form of dentistry showed that the methods used were reliable and constructive.[36] The earliest dental filling, made of beeswax, was discovered in Slovenia and dates from 6500 years ago.[37] Dentistry was practised in prehistoric Republic of malta, as evidenced by a skull which had a dental abscess lanced from the root of a tooth dating back to effectually 2500 BC.[38]

An aboriginal Sumerian text describes a "tooth worm" as the cause of dental caries.[39] Evidence of this belief has also been found in ancient Bharat, Arab republic of egypt, Nippon, and China. The legend of the worm is also found in the Homeric Hymns,[40] and as late as the 14th century AD the surgeon Guy de Chauliac nonetheless promoted the belief that worms cause tooth decay.[41]

Recipes for the treatment of toothache, infections and loose teeth are spread throughout the Ebers Papyrus, Kahun Papyri, Brugsch Papyrus, and Hearst papyrus of Ancient Egypt.[42] The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written in the 17th century BC but which may reverberate previous manuscripts from as early on as 3000 BC, discusses the handling of dislocated or fractured jaws.[42] [43] In the 18th century BC, the Code of Hammurabi referenced dental extraction twice as information technology related to punishment.[44] Test of the remains of some ancient Egyptians and Greco-Romans reveals early attempts at dental prosthetics.[45] Even so, information technology is possible the prosthetics were prepared later death for aesthetic reasons.[42]

Ancient Greek scholars Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote about dentistry, including the eruption pattern of teeth, treating rust-covered teeth and mucilage disease, extracting teeth with forceps, and using wires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws.[46] Some say the offset use of dental appliances or bridges comes from the Etruscans from as early equally 700 BC.[47] In ancient Egypt, Hesy-Ra is the first named "dentist" (greatest of the teeth). The Egyptians bound replacement teeth together with gilded wire. Roman medical writer Cornelius Celsus wrote extensively of oral diseases as well every bit dental treatments such every bit narcotic-containing emollients and astringents.[48] [49] The earliest dental amalgams were first documented in a Tang Dynasty medical text written by the Chinese physician Su Kung in 659, and appeared in Federal republic of germany in 1528.[50] [51]

During the Islamic Aureate Age Dentistry was discussed in several famous books of medicine such as The Catechism in medicine written past Avicenna and Al-Tasreef by Al-Zahrawi who is considered the greatest surgeon of the Center ages,[52] Avicenna said that jaw fracture should be reduced co-ordinate to the occlusal guidance of the teeth; this principle is nevertheless valid in modern times. while Al-Zahrawi made a lot of surgical tools that resemble the modernistic tools.

Historically, dental extractions have been used to treat a variety of illnesses. During the Eye Ages and throughout the 19th century, dentistry was not a profession in itself, and often dental procedures were performed by barbers or general physicians. Barbers usually express their exercise to extracting teeth which alleviated pain and associated chronic tooth infection. Instruments used for dental extractions date back several centuries. In the 14th century, Guy de Chauliac most probably invented the dental pelican[53] (resembling a pelican's pecker) which was used to perform dental extractions upwards until the late 18th century. The pelican was replaced by the dental key[54] which, in turn, was replaced by modern forceps in the 19th century.[55]

The offset book focused solely on dentistry was the "Artzney Buchlein" in 1530,[46] and the first dental textbook written in English was called "Operator for the Teeth" past Charles Allen in 1685.[24]

In the United Kingdom, there was no formal qualification for the providers of dental treatment until 1859 and information technology was only in 1921 that the practice of dentistry was limited to those who were professionally qualified. The Royal Commission on the National Health Service in 1979 reported that in that location were then more twice as many registered dentists per 10,000 population in the UK than at that place were in 1921.[56]

Modern dentistry [edit]

A microscopic device used in dental analysis, c.  1907

It was between 1650 and 1800 that the science of modern dentistry developed. The English language md Thomas Browne in his A Alphabetic character to a Friend (c.  1656 pub. 1690) fabricated an early dental observation with characteristic humour:

The Egyptian Mummies that I accept seen, have had their Mouths open up, and somewhat gaping, which affordeth a good opportunity to view and detect their Teeth, wherein 'tis non easie to find whatever wanting or rust-covered: and therefore in Egypt, where i Man practised but i Operation, or the Diseases but of single Parts, it must needs be a barren Profession to confine unto that of drawing of Teeth, and little better than to take been Tooth-drawer unto King Pyrrhus, who had but two in his Caput.

The French surgeon Pierre Fauchard became known equally the "male parent of modernistic dentistry". Despite the limitations of the archaic surgical instruments during the late 17th and early 18th century, Fauchard was a highly skilled surgeon who made remarkable improvisations of dental instruments, oft adapting tools from watchmakers, jewelers and even barbers, that he idea could be used in dentistry. He introduced dental fillings as treatment for dental cavities. He asserted that carbohydrate-derived acids similar tartaric acid were responsible for dental disuse, and also suggested that tumors surrounding the teeth and in the gums could appear in the later stages of tooth decay.[57] [58]

Panoramic radiograph of historic dental implants, fabricated 1978

Fauchard was the pioneer of dental prosthesis, and he invented many methods to supplant lost teeth. He suggested that substitutes could be made from carved blocks of ivory or bone. He too introduced dental braces, although they were initially made of gold, he discovered that the teeth position could be corrected every bit the teeth would follow the pattern of the wires. Waxed linen or silk threads were normally employed to fasten the braces. His contributions to the world of dental scientific discipline consist primarily of his 1728 publication Le chirurgien dentiste or The Surgeon Dentist. The French text included "basic oral anatomy and function, dental structure, and various operative and restorative techniques, and effectively separated dentistry from the wider category of surgery".[57] [58]

Later on Fauchard, the report of dentistry rapidly expanded. 2 important books, Natural History of Homo Teeth (1771) and Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Teeth (1778), were published by British surgeon John Hunter. In 1763 he entered into a catamenia of collaboration with the London-based dentist James Spence. He began to theorise well-nigh the possibility of molar transplants from one person to another. He realised that the chances of a successful tooth transplant (initially, at least) would be improved if the donor molar was as fresh as possible and was matched for size with the recipient. These principles are still used in the transplantation of internal organs. Hunter conducted a serial of pioneering operations, in which he attempted a tooth transplant. Although the donated teeth never properly bonded with the recipients' gums, 1 of Hunter'due south patients stated that he had 3 which lasted for six years, a remarkable achievement for the period.[59]

Major advances in science were made in the 19th century, and dentistry evolved from a trade to a profession. The profession came under government regulation past the finish of the 19th century. In the Uk the Dentist Act was passed in 1878 and the British Dental Clan formed in 1879. In the same year, Francis Brodie Imlach was the first ever dentist to exist elected President of the Imperial College of Surgeons (Edinburgh), raising dentistry onto a par with clinical surgery for the first time.[threescore]

Hazards in modern dentistry [edit]

Long term occupational dissonance exposure tin can contribute to permanent hearing loss, which is referred to as racket-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and tinnitus. Racket exposure can cause excessive stimulation of the hearing mechanism, which damages the fragile structures of the inner ear.[61] NIHL tin occur when an private is exposed to audio levels in a higher place 90 dBA co-ordinate to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Regulations land that the permissible noise exposure levels for individuals is 90 dBA.[62] For the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), exposure limits are set to 85 dBA. Exposures below 85 dBA are not considered to be hazardous. Fourth dimension limits are placed on how long an individual can stay in an environment to a higher place 85 dBA before information technology causes hearing loss. OSHA places that limitation at 8 hours for 85 dBA. The exposure time becomes shorter as the dBA level increases.

Within the field of dentistry, a variety of cleaning tools are used including piezoelectric and sonic scalers, and ultrasonic scalers and cleaners.[63] While a majority of the tools do not exceed 75 dBA,[64] prolonged exposure over many years can lead to hearing loss or complaints of tinnitus.[65] Few dentists have reported using personal hearing protective devices,[66] [67] which could offset any potential hearing loss or tinnitus.

Evidence-based dentistry [edit]

There is a motion in modern dentistry to place a greater emphasis on high-quality scientific evidence in determination-making. Prove-based dentistry (EBD) uses current scientific evidence to guide decisions. It is an approach to oral health that requires the application and examination of relevant scientific data related to the patient'southward oral and medical health. Forth with the dentist's professional skill and expertise, EBD allows dentists to stay up to date on the latest procedures and patients to receive improved treatment. A new image for medical pedagogy designed to comprise current research into didactics and practice was developed to help practitioners provide the best intendance for their patients.[68] Information technology was first introduced by Gordon Guyatt and the Bear witness-Based Medicine Working Group at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada in the 1990s. It is part of the larger movement toward evidence-based medicine and other evidence-based practices, particularly since a major part of dentistry involves dealing with oral and systemic diseases. Other problems relevant to the dental field in terms of evidence-based research and testify-based exercise include population oral health, dental clinical practice, tooth morphology etc.

A Dental Chair at the University of Michigan School of Dentistry

Upstanding and medicolegal issues [edit]

Dentistry is unique in that it requires dental students to have competence-based clinical skills that can simply be acquired through supervised specialized laboratory grooming and direct patient care.[69] This necessitates the need for a scientific and professional basis of care with a foundation of all-encompassing enquiry-based education.[70] According to some experts, the accreditation of dental schools tin can heighten the quality and professionalism of dental education.[71] [72]

Meet also [edit]

  • List of dental organizations
  • Dental aerosol
  • Dental musical instrument

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Whether Dentists are referred to every bit "Medico" is discipline to geographic variation. For example, they are called "Physician" in the US. In the Great britain, dentists have traditionally been referred to as "Mister" as they identified themselves with barber surgeons more than than physicians (every bit do surgeons in the United kingdom, see Surgeon#Titles). Notwithstanding more U.k. dentists now refer to themselves every bit "Doctor", although this was considered to be potentially misleading past the British public in a single written report (meet Costley and Fawcett 2010).
  2. ^ The telescopic of Oral and maxillofacial surgery is variable. In some countries, both a medical and dental degree is required for grooming, and the scope includes head and neck oncology and craniofacial deformity.

References [edit]

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  40. ^ TOWNEND, B. R. (1944). "The Story of the Tooth-Worm". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 15 (i): 37–58. ISSN 0007-5140. JSTOR 44442797.
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External links [edit]

  • Dentistry at Curlie

vasquezpeturber.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentistry

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